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A.PROF. LE VAN THO
Technical advisor BIO-PHARMACHEMIE
Technical advisor BIO-PHARMACHEMIE
Mastitis-metritis-agalactia syndrome (MMA), is a complex syndrome in sows, occurs after birth in a short time from 12 hours to 3 days. The disease is caused by an infection of mammary gland or urogenital tract. MMA leads to increased piglet mortality and reduced weaning weights.
- Mastitis: As a result of bacterial infection into udder, often caused by E. coli. In many cases, only one or two mammary glands are affected. Mastitis is also a consequence of metritis.
- Metritis: caused by the infection of uterus during gestation. The inflammation occurs in the endometrium. A typical clinical sign is vulval purulent discharge.
- Agalactia: a reduction of milk production by the sows. Often not detected until piglets showing starvation
ETIOLOGY
MMA is a multifactorial disease:
MMA is a multifactorial disease:
- Bacteria: E.coli, Klebsiella spp, Enterobactrsp, Mycoplasma spp, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus.
- Endocrines: influence to farrowing and lactation.
- Nutrition: deficiency of fiber, fat, or vitamins E and calcium in dietary; a lack of drinking water; and feeding sows with high carbohydrate during pregnancy.
- Management: dystocia, inappropriate manual intervention may cause metritis, insufficient exercise for sows.
PATHOGENIC
- Stress during farrowing can lead to increase cortisol secretion in sows → natural immune deficiency → increase in E.coli in mammary gland → MASTITIS.
- E.coli infection of the udder → septicemia caused by endotoxin → decrease Cytokines secretion (IL1,6,TNFα) → decrease Ca & K → teat sphincter failure (open teat) → bacteria intrude into udder → MASTITIS.
- Stress during farrowing in sows → decrease Oxytoxin secretion → decrease Protaglandin F2α secretion → bacteria intrude into vaginal then uterus (because cervix is open) → METRITIS.
- Septicemia caused by endotoxin→ decrease Oxytocin and Prostaglandin F2α secretion → decrease Prolactin secretion → AGALATIA.
CLINICAL SIGNS
- Sow: Sows with MMA syndrome often show signs of constipation, fever over 39.5 ° C and decrease food intake for 1-2 days. Lose appetite, anxiety, reluctant to suckling piglets because of painful, the sow does sternal recumbency to hide all her pain udders. Sometimes these symptoms happen separately, but sometimes they can appear the same time (mastitis, metritis, agalactia).Hard udder inflammation, swelling, redness, pain on palpation. Lower milk production. Purulent discharge from the vulva with milky like, and fishy smell.
- Piglets: decrease average daily gain and hunger is most visible signs. Besides, they possibly have diarrhea, and hypothermia.
DIAGNOSIS
- Diagnosis is depends on clinical signs, especially loss of appetite in sow. Palpate mammary glands, if inflammation occurs, they will be harden and redness. Purulent discharge from the vulva. Piglets reduce weight gain, diarrhea, and hypothermia.
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| Purulent discharge from the vulva because of MMA syndrome |
TREATMENT
- MMA syndrome treatment should include antibiotics injection, uterine suppository for local treatment and lactating stimulant. The treatment is performed immediately after the sows being diagnosed with MMA syndrome or when sow temperature increase to 39.5 ° C after farrowing 12-18 hours.
The treatment protocol:
- Antibiotics injection: These following antibiotics are effectively for MMA syndrome treatment: BIO-CEFQUIN, BIO-CEP 5, BIO-AMOX LA, BIO TETRA 200 LA, BIO-GENTA.AMOX INJ ®, BIO-D.O.C ®, hoặc BIO-FLORSONE 400 LA v.v…
Typically, BIO-CEFQUIN is belong to Cephalosporin group, a lastest generation so haven not yet resisted, thus very effective in treating swine with MMA
- Uterine infusion or douches by BIODINE ® with the dose of 3ml/ 2 liters of boiled water, after douche is complete, wait for water almost flow out then insert BIO-VAGILOX into uterus.
- Either mix BIO-CALCIUM 20ml with BIO-CEVIT 10ml administrate into sow ear vein or dilutes with BIO-GLUCOSE 5% for intravenous infusion.
- Inject BIO-OXYTOCIN at a low dose: 1ml/sow, (equivalent to 10IU/sow). Add BIO-METASAL to help pigs recover quickly after birth.
- During the treatment period, BIO-MILK ® breast milk substitute must be used to provide adequate energy and avoid dehydration of the piglets. At the same time, it is possible to transfer piglets to polyculture in other herds if there are sows that give birth at the same time.
CONTROL AND PREVETION
- 1. The most effective preventive measure is good hygiene for individual sows and farrowing stalls to cut off microbial contamination of udders and uterus. It is recommended to use one of the highly effective antiseptics such as BIO-GUARD, BIODINE ®, BIOXIDE or BIOSEPT ®.
- 2.Bathe sows carefully before putting them in the farrowing pen. The pens must be CLEAN and DRY during the time the piglets are with the mother. Keep quiet to reduce stress on the sow during farrowing. One day after birth, the piglets should be cut flat to avoid damaging the nipples of the sow.
3.Sows that have just given birth, inject a dose of BIO-CEFQUIN to prevent infection. Simultaneously put BIO-VAGILOX - Swine vaccine into the uterus immediately after giving birth (the next day put another pill).
4.Sows must be exercised regularly. The floor of the barn is not slippery. During pregnancy, sows must control their diet to avoid being too fat. Provide enough clean water at all times to the sow. A nursing sow needs 15 to 30 liters of water per day.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. LE VAN THO
Technical advisor of joint venture company BIO-PHARMACHEMIE
Technical advisor of joint venture company BIO-PHARMACHEMIE
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